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The ECC material family is expanding. The development of an individual mix design of ECC requires special efforts by systematically engineering of the material at nano-, micro-, macro- and composite scales. ECC looks similar to ordinary Portland cement-based concrete, except that it can deform (or bend) under strain. [1]
Fabric formwork is a small niche in concrete technology. It uses soft, flexible materials as formwork against the fresh concrete, normally with some sort of strong tension textile or plastic material. The International Society of Fabric Forming conducts research on fabric formwork. [11]
The first expanded polystyrene ICF Wall forms were developed in the late 1960s with the expiration of the original patent and the advent of modern foam plastics by BASF. [citation needed] Canadian contractor Werner Gregori filed the first patent for a foam concrete form in 1966 with a block "measuring 16 inches high by 48 inches long with a tongue-and-groove interlock, metal ties, and a waffle ...
The deck of the Mihara Bridge, composed of bendable concrete, is only five centimeters thick and has an expected lifetime of one-hundred years. [ 2 ] Though HPFRCCs have been tested extensively in the lab and been employed in a few commercial building projects, further long-term research and real-world application is needed to prove the true ...
To ensure that each fiber strand is effective, it is recommended to use fibers longer than the maximum aggregate size. Normal concrete contains 19 mm (0.75 in) equivalent diameter aggregate which is 35-45% of concrete, fibers longer than 20 mm (0.79 in) are more effective.
Concrete is an inexpensive material resisting large compressive forces, [18] however, susceptible to tensile loading. [19] To give concrete the ability to resist being stretched, steel bars, which can resist high stretching (tensile) forces, are often added to concrete to form reinforced concrete. [20]