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  2. Bottom–up and top–down design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom–up_and_topdown...

    Top–down methods were favored in software engineering until the late 1980s, [3] [failed verification] and object-oriented programming assisted in demonstrating the idea that both aspects of top-down and bottom-up programming could be used. Modern software design approaches usually combine top–down and bottomup approaches. Although an ...

  3. Education in social work - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_social_work

    Rather than using a traditional top-down approach while educating, Freire believed in a bottom-up approach. [11] With this shift in power dynamics, educators including social workers will be more likely to realize the strengths of the people they are working with, rather than assuming that as professionals, they held all the answers. [12]

  4. Policy learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_learning

    Bottom-up approaches require policymakers to involve both service providers and service recipients in refining goals, strategies and activities. This bottom-up approach starts from consumer-facing bureaucrats and moves up to the top policymakers. Should the policy face pushback, policymakers must be open to negotiations for a compromise approach.

  5. Top-down - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-down

    Top-down and bottom-up design of information ordering; Top-down parsing, a parsing strategy beginning at the highest level of the parse tree Top-down parsing language, an analytic formal grammar to study top-down parsers; Top-down perspective, a camera angle in computer and video games; Top-down shooter, a subgenre of video games

  6. Transition management (governance) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_Management...

    The approach seeks to widen participation by encouraging bottom-up approaches that are supported in a top-down manner. The synergy gained from utilising transition management to provide a novel approach to the complex issue of Sustainable Development could be essential if progress is to be made on the issue.

  7. Career Education Beats on Both Top and Bottom Lines - AOL

    www.aol.com/2012/05/11/career-education-beats-on...

    The 10-second takeawayFor the quarter ended March 31 (Q1), Career Education beat slightly on revenues and beat expectations on earnings per share. Career Education Beats on Both Top and Bottom ...

  8. Shore up social studies education to shore up American ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/shore-social-studies-education-shore...

    Several years ago the National Assessment of Educational Progress released a frightening report on the state of social studies education in America: As of 2018 just 24% of eighth-grade students ...

  9. Bottom-up - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom-up

    Bottom-up parsing, a computer science strategy; Bottom-up processing, in Pattern recognition (psychology) Bottom-up theories of galaxy formation and evolution; Bottom-up tree automaton, in data structures; Bottom-up integration testing, in software testing; Top-down and bottom-up design, strategies of information processing and knowledge ordering