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There have also been examples of interaction between magma and water in an aquifer. Many of the cinder cones on Tenerife are considered to be phreatomagmatic because of these circumstances. [citation needed] The other competing theory is based on fuel-coolant reactions, which have been modeled for nuclear reactors.
For example, the Ishim impact structure [141] is conjectured to be bounded by the late Ordovician-early Silurian (c. 445 ± 5 Ma), [142] the two Warburton basins have been linked to the Late Devonian extinction (c. 360 Ma), [310] both Bedout and the Wilkes Land crater have been associated with the severe Permian–Triassic extinction event (c ...
A diagram of a Subglacial eruption. (key: 1. Water vapor cloud 2. Crater lake 3. Ice 4. Layers of lava and ash 5. Stratum 6. Pillow lava 7. Magma conduit 8. Magma chamber 9. Dike) Click for larger version. Subglacial eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption characterized by interactions between lava and ice, often under a glacier.
The largest in the last one million years is the 14-kilometre (8.7 mi) Zhamanshin crater in Kazakhstan and has been described as being capable of producing a nuclear-like winter. [11] The source of the enormous Australasian strewnfield (c. 780 ka) is a currently undiscovered crater probably located in Southeast Asia. [12] [13]
The three larger ones in the US either have been glaciated and buried (Manson crater), are under water (Chesapeake Bay crater), or have been subjected to orogeny (Beaverhead impact structure). Therefore, the Weaubleau structure is the largest exposed untectonized impact structure in the US.
The depth of an impact crater in a solid planet or moon may be measured from the local surface to the bottom of the crater, or from the rim of the crater to the bottom. Crater depth diagram. The diagram above shows the full (side) view of a typical crater. Depth "A" measures from the surface to the bottom of the crater.
A central-peak crater is the most basic form of complex crater. A central-peak crater can have a tightly spaced, ring-like arrangement of peaks, thus be a peak ring crater, though the peak is often single. [3] Central-peak craters can occur in impact craters via meteorites. An Earthly example is Mistastin crater, in Canada. [1]
The BP Structure, also known as Gebel Dalma, is an exposed impact crater in Libya. It is so called because it was identified by a BP (then British Petroleum) geological survey team. [1] French et al. state that the BP Structure and the larger Oasis crater, about 88 km (55 mi) to the south, were probably simultaneous impacts. [2]