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A silver object that is to be sold commercially is, in most countries, stamped with one or more silver hallmarks indicating the purity of the silver, the mark of the manufacturer or silversmith, and other (optional) markings to indicate the date of manufacture and additional information about the piece.
In 1544 a lion passant was added to English marks, to bring the number up to four. In 1697, a higher standard of silver, known as the Britannia standard (95.83%, i.e. 23/24ths silver) was made compulsory in Great Britain to protect the new coinage which was being melted down by silversmiths for the silver. The Sterling standard (92.5%) was ...
The Birmingham Assay Office, one of the four assay offices in the United Kingdom, is located in the Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham.The development of a silver industry in 18th century Birmingham was hampered by the legal requirement that items of solid silver be assayed, and the nearest Assay Offices were in Chester and London. [1]
Silver is estimated to have been discovered in Asia Minor shortly after copper and gold. [14] There is evidence that iron was known from before 5000 BC. [15] The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of meteoric iron, made in Egypt in about 4000 BC.
Robert F. Ensko I (October 17, 1855 – May 13, 1934) also known as Robert Ensko Sr. was a Manhattan silver expert and author of Makers of Early American Silver in 1915. [1] [2] [3] The book in its multiple editions has become the standard reference work for antique American silver.
Nathaniel Mills the Elder (1746–1843) was a partner in Mills & Langston, Northwood Jewellers when he registered his first mark in 1803. [1] In 1825, he registered his well-known now punch mark 'N.M' within a rectangle at the Birmingham Assay Office and concentrated on working with silver on his own. [2]
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Kovels' Book of Antique Labels (1982) Kovels' Collectors' Source Book (1983) Kovels' New Dictionary of Marks: Pottery and Porcelain, 1850-Present (1985) Kovels' Advertising Collectibles Price List (1986, 2005) Kovels' Guide to Selling Your Antiques & Collectibles (1987, 1990) Kovels' American Silver Marks, 1650 to the Present (1989)