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IBM 1620. A transistor computer, now often called a second-generation computer, [1] is a computer which uses discrete transistors instead of vacuum tubes.The first generation of electronic computers used vacuum tubes, which generated large amounts of heat, were bulky and unreliable.
The transistor replaced the vacuum-tube triode, also called a (thermionic) valve, which was much larger in size and used significantly more power to operate. The first transistor was successfully demonstrated on December 23, 1947, at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey.
This is a list of vacuum tubes or thermionic valves, and low-pressure gas-filled tubes, or discharge tubes. Before the advent of semiconductor devices, thousands of tube types were used in consumer electronics.
Later thermionic vacuum tubes, mostly miniature style, some with top cap connections for higher voltages. A vacuum tube, electron tube, [1] [2] [3] valve (British usage), or tube (North America) [4] is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes to which an electric potential difference has been applied.
The term solid-state became popular at the beginning of the semiconductor era in the 1960s to distinguish this new technology. A semiconductor device works by controlling an electric current consisting of electrons or holes moving within a solid crystalline piece of semiconducting material such as silicon, while the thermionic vacuum tubes it replaced worked by controlling a current of ...
The Fetron was a range of solid-state, plug-compatible replacements for vacuum tubes (valves).. Fetrons were manufactured by Teledyne Semiconductor from 1967; primarily as a low-maintenance and low-power swap-in to replace vacuum tubes, which were becoming increasingly obsolete and difficult to source with the widespread use of solid-state electronics.
Semiconductor devices have replaced vacuum tubes in most applications. They conduct electric current in the solid state , rather than as free electrons across a vacuum (typically liberated by thermionic emission ) or as free electrons and ions through an ionized gas .
Although a vacuum tube might fail, it would be replaced without bringing down the system. By the simple strategy of never shutting down ENIAC, the failures were dramatically reduced. The vacuum-tube SAGE air-defense computers became remarkably reliable – installed in pairs, one off-line, tubes likely to fail did so when the computer was ...