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Antibodies to ganglioside are found to be elevated in coeliac disease. [16] Recent studies show that gliadin can cross-link to gangliosides in a transglutaminase independent manner, indicating that gliadin specific T-cell could present these antigens to the immune system.
Antibodies to GM1 are increased in Guillain–Barré syndrome, dementia and lupus but their function is not clear. [4] There is some evidence to suggest antibodies against GM1 are associated with diarrhea in Guillain–Barré syndrome. [5] GM1 antibodies are also seen in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy (MMN), a rare antibody-mediated inflammatory ...
A ganglioside is a molecule composed of a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) with one or more sialic acids (e.g. N-acetylneuraminic acid, NANA) linked on the sugar chain. NeuNAc, an acetylated derivative of the carbohydrate sialic acid, makes the head groups of gangliosides anionic at pH 7, which distinguishes them from globosides .
An example of such antibodies is hu14.18K322A, a monoclonal antibody. This anti-GD2 antibody is currently undergoing a phase II clinical trial in the treatment of previously untreated high risk neuroblastoma given alongside combination chemotherapy prior to stem cell transplant and radiation therapy . [ 2 ]
This list of over 500 monoclonal antibodies includes approved and investigational drugs as well as drugs that have been withdrawn from market; consequently, the column Use does not necessarily indicate clinical usage. See the list of FDA-approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in the monoclonal antibody therapy page.
Antibodies may be directed against "GM-1", a ganglioside found at the Nodes of Ranvier. These antibodies have been detected in at least one-third of MMN patients. More recent studies also suggest that newer tests for antibodies directed against GM-1, as well as a number of related gangliosides, are positive in over 80% of MMN patients.
Researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention randomly tested 150 veterinarians for H5N1, or bird flu, antibodies, which would indicate if they had a recent infection.
Gulliane-Barre syndrome is associated with peripheral neuropathies, and it has been found that anti-ganglioside autoantibodies take part in the binding to axons and schwann cells. Antibodies to these gangliosides have been found elevated in coeliac disease [77]