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The Shanghai International Settlement (Chinese: 上海公共租界) originated from the 1863 merger of the British and American enclaves in Shanghai, in which British and American citizens would enjoy extraterritoriality and consular jurisdiction under the terms of unequal treaties agreed by both parties. These treaties were abrogated in 1943.
The British occupied Shanghai during the First Opium War and it was opened to foreign trade by the terms of the Treaty of Nanking.The British settlement was established by the 1845 Land Regulations, undertaken on the initiative of the intendant Gong Mujiu. [1]
The British Supreme Court for China was abolished under the British–Chinese Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China. After the war, the Consulate-General returned to the site and remained until 1949 when Britain withdrew its consular staff with the communist occupation of Shanghai.
World War II would spell the end for the concessions in Tianjin, [29] as well as extraterritoriality as a whole. [30] While Japanese forces avoided attacking foreign concessions prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, afterwards they invaded and occupied the Shanghai International Settlement and Hong Kong. [17] [31]
The Shanghai Race Club reopened soon after the occupation and continued to host races throughout the war, even after most British and American Shanghai residents were interned. The races continued as late as August, 1945. [31] During World War II, the extraterritoriality of the foreign concessions provided a haven for visa-less European refugees.
The Shanghai Defence Force was a tri-service military formation established by the British Government to protect European nationals and their property in Shanghai from Chinese nationalist forces during a period of tension in 1927.
Originally privileged by the "Unequal Treaties" and housed in the International Settlement and French Concession away from the Chinese city in the 1800s, they lost most of their status during and after the Japanese occupation of Shanghai in World War II. A 1943 Sino-British Friendship Treaty abandoned the treaty port system, and by this time ...
Lieutenant Colonel William Ewart Fairbairn (/ ˈ f ɛər b ɛər n /; 28 February 1885 – 20 June 1960) was a British soldier and police officer.He developed hand-to-hand combat methods for the Shanghai Police during the interwar period, as well as for the Allied special forces during World War II.