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Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material (plasmid) between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. [1] Discovered in 1946 by Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum, [ 2 ] conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation and transduction although ...
RecA is a 38 kilodalton protein essential for the repair and maintenance of DNA in bacteria. [2] Structural and functional homologs to RecA have been found in all kingdoms of life. [3] [4] RecA serves as an archetype for this class of homologous DNA repair proteins. The homologous protein is called RAD51 in eukaryotes and RadA in archaea. [5] [6]
Microbes are ideally suited for biochemical and genetics studies and have made huge contributions to these fields of science such as the demonstration that DNA is the genetic material, [49] [50] that the gene has a simple linear structure, [51] that the genetic code is a triplet code, [52] and that gene expression is regulated by specific ...
[2] [3] This was the first compelling evidence that DNA carries the genetic information of the cell. Since then, natural competence has been studied in a number of different bacteria, particularly Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae and members of the Acinetobacter genus. [1]
SRP is a ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and to the cell membrane in prokaryotes. The two pathways require different molecular chaperones and ultimately use a protein-transporting channel SecYEG for transporting the proteins across the inner cell ...
The bacterial flagellum is made of about 20 proteins, with approximately another 30 proteins required for its regulation and assembly. [152] The flagellum is a rotating structure driven by a reversible motor at the base that uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane for power.
The restriction modification system (RM system) is found in bacteria and archaea, and provides a defense against foreign DNA, such as that borne by bacteriophages.. Bacteria have restriction enzymes, also called restriction endonucleases, which cleave double-stranded DNA at specific points into fragments, which are then degraded further by other endonucleases.
No high energy cofactors such as ATP or accessory proteins are required for the recombinase activity of the purified protein. [2] Early studies also demonstrated that Cre binds to non specific DNA sequences whilst having a 20 fold higher affinity for loxP sequences and results of early DNA footprinting studies also suggested that Cre molecules ...