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Braille has been extended to an 8-dot code, particularly for use with braille embossers and refreshable braille displays. In 8-dot braille the additional dots are added at the bottom of the cell, giving a matrix 4 dots high by 2 dots wide. The additional dots are given the numbers 7 (for the lower-left dot) and 8 (for the lower-right dot).
English Braille, also known as Grade 2 Braille, [1] is the braille alphabet used for English. It consists of around 250 letters , numerals, punctuation, formatting marks, contractions, and abbreviations . Some English Braille letters, such as ⠡ ch , [2] correspond to more than one letter in print.
The Gardner–Salinas braille codes are a proposed method of encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The most common form of Gardner–Salinas braille is the 8-cell variety, commonly called GS8. There is also a corresponding 6-cell form called GS6. [1]
The Unicode block Braille Patterns (U+2800..U+28FF) contains all 256 possible patterns of an 8-dot braille cell, thereby including the complete 6-dot cell range. [3] In Unicode, a braille cell does not have a letter or meaning defined.
When braille was adopted for English in the United States, the letters were applied directly to the English alphabet, so that braille letter of French x became English w, French y became English x, French z English y, and French ç English z. In the United Kingdom, however, French Braille was adopted without such reordering.
The Braille pattern dots-0 ( ⠀), also called a blank Braille pattern, is a 6-dot or 8-dot braille cell with no dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2800, and in Braille ASCII with a space.
The Braille pattern dots-35 ( ⠔) is a 6-dot braille cell with the bottom left and middle right dots raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with the lower-middle left and upper-middle right dots raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2814, and in Braille ASCII with the number 9.
This is the internationally recognized number system. However, in French Braille a new system, the Antoine braille digits, is used for mathematics and is recommended for all academic publications. This uses ⠠ combined with the first nine letters of the fourth decade, from ⠠ ⠡ for 1 to ⠠ ⠪ for 9 , with the preceding ⠠ ⠼ for 0 . The ...