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In contrast, paracetamol is a safe and effective medication that is taken without complications by millions of people. [52] In addition, alternative pain relief medications such as aspirin are more toxic in overdose, whereas non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are associated with more adverse effects following normal use. [53]
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
Paracetamol, [a] or acetaminophen, [b] is a non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic agent used to treat fever and mild to moderate pain. [13] [14] [15] It is a widely available over-the-counter drug sold under various brand names, including Tylenol and Panadol.
The minimum dosage at which paracetamol causes toxicity usually is 7.5 to 10g in the average person. [2] The lethal dose is usually between 10 g and 15 g. [citation needed] Concurrent alcohol intake lowers these thresholds significantly. Chronic alcoholics may be more susceptible to adverse effects due to reduced glutathione levels. [3]
Adverse effects, like therapeutic effects of drugs, are a function of dosage or drug levels at the target organs, so they may be avoided or decreased by means of careful and precise pharmacokinetics, the change of drug levels in the organism in function of time after administration. Adverse effects may also be caused by drug interaction. This ...
Type A drug reaction accounts for 80% of all toxicities. [ 7 ] Drugs or toxins that have a pharmacological (type A) hepatotoxicity are those that have predictable dose-response curves (higher concentrations cause more liver damage) and well characterized mechanisms of toxicity, such as directly damaging liver tissue or blocking a metabolic process.
Common side effects include dizziness, sleepiness, constipation, and vomiting. [1] [3] Serious side effects include addiction, decreased rate of breathing, low blood pressure, severe allergic reactions, and liver failure. [1] Use during pregnancy may harm the fetus. [1] Use with alcohol is not recommended. [3]
The mechanism of drug action and adverse drug reaction is either physiochemical property based and biochemical based. Adverse drugs reactions can be classified as either idiosyncratic (type B) or intrinsic (type A). Idiosyncratic toxicity is not dosage dependent and defy the mass-action relationship.