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The main objective of interval arithmetic is to provide a simple way of calculating upper and lower bounds of a function's range in one or more variables. These endpoints are not necessarily the true supremum or infimum of a range since the precise calculation of those values can be difficult or impossible; the bounds only need to contain the function's range as a subset.
is a function from domain X to codomain Y. The yellow oval inside Y is the image of . Sometimes "range" refers to the image and sometimes to the codomain. In mathematics, the range of a function may refer to either of two closely related concepts: the codomain of the function, or; the image of the function.
This is typically the case when functions may be specified in a way that makes difficult or even impossible to determine their domain. In calculus , a real-valued function of a real variable or real function is a partial function from the set R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } of the real numbers to itself.
In mathematics, extrapolation is a type of estimation, beyond the original observation range, of the value of a variable on the basis of its relationship with another variable. It is similar to interpolation , which produces estimates between known observations, but extrapolation is subject to greater uncertainty and a higher risk of producing ...
Similarly, if the supremum does not exist, one says that the corresponding endpoint is +. Intervals are completely determined by their endpoints and whether each endpoint belong to the interval. This is a consequence of the least-upper-bound property of the real numbers.
In some fields, most notably in the context of artificial neural networks, the term "sigmoid function" is used as a synonym for "logistic function". Special cases of the sigmoid function include the Gompertz curve (used in modeling systems that saturate at large values of x) and the ogee curve (used in the spillway of some dams).
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Say (,) is equipped with its usual topology. Then the essential range of f is given by . = { >: < {: | | <}}. [7]: Definition 4.36 [8] [9]: cf. Exercise 6.11 In other words: The essential range of a complex-valued function is the set of all complex numbers z such that the inverse image of each ε-neighbourhood of z under f has positive measure.