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The Byzantine Papacy was a period of return to Imperial domination of the papacy from 537 to 752, when popes required the approval of the Byzantine Emperors for episcopal consecration, and many popes were chosen from the apocrisiarii (liaisons from the pope to the emperor) or the inhabitants of Byzantine Greece, Syria, or Sicily.
As part of the Catholic Reformation, Pope Paul III (1534–1549) initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), which established the triumph of the papacy over those who sought to reconcile with Protestants or oppose papal claims. Protestant Reformers criticized the papacy as corrupt and characterized the pope as the antichrist.
According to numerous records of the early Church Fathers, Peter was present in Rome, was martyred there, and was the first bishop of Rome. Dogma and traditions of the Catholic Church maintain that he served as the bishop of Rome for 25 years until 67 AD when he was martyred by Nero [7] (further information: Great Fire of Rome).
Pope Francis, surrounded by the shells of destroyed churches, leads a prayer for the victims of war at Hosh al-Bieaa Church Square, in Mosul, Iraq, once the de-facto capital of ISIS, on March 7, 2021.
Pope Gregory XV (Latin: Gregorius XV; Italian: Gregorio XV; 9 January 1554 – 8 July 1623), born Alessandro Ludovisi, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 February 1621 until his death in 1623.
Orthodoxy and the Roman papacy: Ut Unum Sint and the prospects of East-West unity. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 978-0-268-02607-3. Chapman, John (1928). Studies on the early Papacy. London: Sheed & Ward. OCLC 422117622. Empie, Paul C.; Murphy, T. Austin, eds. (1974). Papal primacy and the universal church. Lutherans and ...
In 1310, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII entered Italy, established the Visconti as vicars in Milan, and was crowned by Clement V's legates in Rome in 1312 before he died near Siena in 1313. [11] In Ferrara, which was taken into the Papal States to the exclusion of the Este family, papal armies clashed with the Republic of Venice and its populace.
In the 1920s, the papacy – then under Pius XI – renounced the bulk of the Papal States. The Lateran Treaty with Italy (then ruled by the National Fascist Party under Benito Mussolini [ 52 ] ) was signed on 11 February 1929, [ 52 ] creating the State of the Vatican City , forming the sovereign territory of the Holy See , which was also ...