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Common gases that produce negative air ions include single-component gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, or multi-component gases obtained by mixing these single-component gases. Various negative air ions are formed by combining active neutral molecules and electrons in the gas through a series of ion-molecule reactions ...
The Avogadro constant, commonly denoted N A [1] or L, [2] is an SI defining constant with an exact value of 6.022 140 76 × 10 23 mol −1 (reciprocal moles). [3] [4] It is this defined number of constituent particles (usually molecules, atoms, ions, or ion pairs—in general, entities) per mole and used as a normalization factor in relating the amount of substance, n(X), in a sample of a ...
Solid: A solid holds a definite shape and volume without the need of a container. The particles are held very close to each other. Amorphous solid: A solid in which there is no far-range order of the positions of the atoms. Crystalline solid: A solid in which atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in regular order.
Simple illustration of particles in the solid state – they are closely packed to each other. In a solid, constituent particles (ions, atoms, or molecules) are closely packed together. The forces between particles are so strong that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a ...
Positively charged ions are produced by transferring an amount of energy to a bound electron in a collision with charged particles (e.g. ions, electrons or positrons) or with photons. The threshold amount of the required energy is known as ionization energy .
Plasma (from Ancient Greek πλάσμα (plásma) 'moldable substance' [1]) is one of four fundamental states of matter (the other three being solid, liquid, and gas) characterized by the presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons.
The concentration of hydrogen ions and pH are inversely proportional; in an aqueous solution, an increased concentration of hydrogen ions yields a low pH, and subsequently, an acidic product. By definition, an acid is an ion or molecule that can donate a proton, and when introduced to a solution it will react with water molecules (H 2 O) to ...
Elements with low electronegativities, such as most metals, easily donate electrons and oxidize – they are reducing agents. On the contrary, many oxides or ions with high oxidation numbers of their non-oxygen atoms, such as H 2 O 2, MnO − 4, CrO 3, Cr 2 O 2− 7, or OsO 4, can gain one or two extra electrons and are strong oxidizing agents.