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Antiestrogens, also known as estrogen antagonists or estrogen blockers, are a class of drugs which prevent estrogens like estradiol from mediating their biological effects in the body. They act by blocking the estrogen receptor (ER) and/or inhibiting or suppressing estrogen production .
[36] [39] Estrogen replacement and selective estrogen receptor modulators may also be employed, although estrogens can produce gynecomastia in men and may increase the risk of male breast cancer. [ 36 ] [ 39 ] [ 38 ] Selective estrogen receptor modulators have been found to decrease the rate of bone loss due to androgen deprivation therapy in ...
[8] [9] In men, they are being investigated in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia [10] and also as potential contraceptive agents. [11] GnRH antagonists could be used as puberty blockers in transgender youth and to suppress sex hormone levels in transgender adolescents and adults. [12] [13] [14] [15]
This is a list of 5α-reductase inhibitors (5α-RIs), drugs which inhibit one or more isoforms of the enzyme 5α-reductase.This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of the androgen hormone testosterone into the more potent dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and is essential for the production of neurosteroids like allopregnanolone, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC), and 3α-androstanediol from ...
Enclomifene (INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name), or enclomiphene (USAN Tooltip United States Adopted Name), a nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator of the triphenylethylene group, acts by antagonizing the estrogen receptor (ER) in the pituitary gland, which reduces negative feedback by estrogen on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, thereby increasing gonadotropin ...
Opioids have antigonadotropic effects and can reduce luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels in men. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis found that opioid therapy decreased testosterone levels in men by about 165 ng/dL (5.7 nmol/L) on average, which was a reduction in testosterone level of almost 50%. [ 11 ]
For women, a drop in estrogen can cause weight gain, particularly in the abdomen (aka menopause belly). For men, low testosterone is linked to an increase in fat mass. Men with obesity are more ...
[136] [125] [137] In terms of muscle, castration and menopause reduce muscle mass in women and men, and in women, estradiol replacement therapy prevents loss of lean body mass. [139] Conversely however, estrogen deficiency did not decrease lean body mass in men treated with a GnRH agonist and testosterone with versus without an aromatase ...