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The Mayo Clinic recommends caution in people with seizure disorders or mania, and by pregnant or breastfeeding women, and publishes a long list of possible side-effects. [24] Oral use of evening primrose oil may cause headaches or nausea. [24]
The main phytochemical in this evening primrose seed oil is gamma-linolenic acid. [21] There is no high-quality scientific evidence that O. biennis or evening primrose oil has any effect on human diseases or promotion of health, [21] [22] and specifically no evidence that it is effective to treat atopic dermatitis or cancer.
Borage seed oil is derived from the seeds of the plant, Borago officinalis (borage). [1] Borage seed oil has one of the highest amounts of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) of seed oils — higher than blackcurrant seed oil or evening primrose oil, to which it is considered similar. GLA is typically composed of about 24% of the oil.
The seed oil of Oenothera biennis (evening primrose) is a source of GLA. From GLA, the body forms dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA). This is one of the body's three sources of eicosanoids (along with AA and EPA .)
Essential oil extracted from Karpoora tulasi is mostly used for medicinal purposes and in herbal cosmetics. [112] Oenothera: Evening primrose: Its oil has been used since the 1930s for eczema, and more recently as an anti-inflammatory, but there is insufficient evidence for it having any effect. [113] Origanum vulgare: Oregano
Borage seed oil, blackcurrant seed oil, and evening primrose oil all have a significant amount of gamma-Linolenic acid (GLA) (about 23%, 15–20% and 7–10%, respectively), and it is this that has drawn the interest of researchers. Açaí oil, from the fruit of several species of the Açaí palm (Euterpe) grown in the Amazon region. [54] [55]