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n/a Ensembl n/a n/a UniProt n a n/a RefSeq (mRNA) n/a n/a RefSeq (protein) n/a n/a Location (UCSC) n/a n/a PubMed search n/a n/a Wikidata View/Edit Human Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream and is considered to be the main catabolic hormone of the body. It is also used as a medication ...
Alpha cells are endocrine cells, meaning they secrete a hormone, in this case glucagon. Alpha cells store this glucagon in secretory vesicles that typically have an electron dense core and a grayish outer edge. [1] It is believed that alpha cells make up approximately 20% of endocrine cells within the pancreas. [1]
Insulin, which lowers blood sugar, and glucagon, which raises it, are the most well known of the hormones involved, but more recent discoveries of other glucoregulatory hormones have expanded the understanding of this process. The gland called pancreas secretes two hormones and they are primarily responsible to regulate glucose levels in blood. [1]
The pancreas also secretes vasoactive intestinal peptide and pancreatic polypeptide. Enterochromaffin cells of the pancreas secrete the hormones motilin, serotonin, and substance P. [9] It has been demonstrated that pancreatic tissue is a strong accumulator and secretor in the intestine of radioactive cesium . [25] [26]
Hormones produced in the pancreatic islets are secreted directly into the blood flow by (at least) five types of cells. In rat islets, endocrine cell types are distributed as follows: [6] Alpha cells producing glucagon (20% of total islet cells) Beta cells producing insulin and amylin (≈70%)
The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete hormones to maintain homeostatic blood sugar. Insulin is produced and excreted to lower blood sugar to normal levels. Glucagon, another hormone produced by alpha cells, is secreted in response to low blood sugar levels; glucagon stimulates glycogen stores in the liver to release sugar into the bloodstream ...
GnRH nudges the pituitary gland to produce luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH calls on the Leydig cells (also in the testes) to make testosterone.
In summary, salivary glands are classified as heterocrine glands because they have a dual role in both exocrine and endocrine functions. They primarily secrete saliva into the oral cavity for digestion, but they can also release specific hormones into the bloodstream with broader physiological effects.