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Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a form of heart failure in which the ejection fraction – the percentage of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat divided by the volume of blood when the left ventricle is maximally filled – is normal, defined as greater than 50%; [1] this may be measured by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization.
Left-sided heart failure may be present with a reduced ejection fraction or with a preserved ejection fraction. [10] Heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest, in which blood flow stops completely due to the failure of the heart to pump. [12] [13] Diagnosis is based on symptoms, physical findings, and echocardiography. [6]
A heart which cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the body's requirements (i.e., heart failure) will often, but not invariably, have a reduced ventricular ejection fraction. [6] In heart failure, the difference between heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, and heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction, is significant, because ...
Sleep apnea is an under-recognized risk factor for heart failure. Uncontrolled sleep apnea may increase the risk of heart failure by up to 140%. [4] Weight reduction – through physical activity and dietary modification, as obesity is a risk factor for heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy. Effective weight management has been shown ...
Heart failure, particularly with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aldosterone, a hormone that promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion, plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of heart failure by contributing to fluid overload, myocardial fibrosis, and vascular damage.
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is a common symptom of several heart conditions such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, in addition to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and sleep apnea. [8] Other symptoms that may be seen alongside paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea are weakness, orthopnea, edema, fatigue, and dyspnea. [9]
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