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Clusters are made of two or more consonant sounds, while a digraph is a group of two consonant letters standing for a single sound. For example, in the word ship , the two letters of the digraph sh together represent the single consonant [ʃ] .
For example, students analyze letter-sound correspondences such as the ou spelling of / aʊ / in shrouds. Also, students might be asked to practice saying words with similar sounds such as ball, bat and bite. Furthermore, students are taught consonant blends (separate, adjacent consonants) as units, such as break or shrouds. [91]
The English alphabet has fewer consonant letters than the English language has consonant sounds, so digraphs like ch , sh , th , and ng are used to extend the alphabet, though some letters and digraphs represent more than one consonant. For example, the sound spelled th in "this" is a different consonant from the th sound in "thin".
For example, in Icelandic, both monophthongs and diphthongs are pronounced long before single consonants and short before most consonant clusters. Some languages contrast short and long diphthongs. In some languages, such as Old English, these behave like short and long vowels, occupying one and two morae, respectively.
The following table shows the 24 consonant phonemes found in most dialects of English, plus /x/, whose distribution is more limited. Fortis consonants are always voiceless, aspirated in syllable onset (except in clusters beginning with /s/ or /ʃ/), and sometimes also glottalized to an extent in syllable coda (most likely to occur with /t/, see T-glottalization), while lenis consonants are ...
Doubled orthographic consonants do not always indicate a long phonetic consonant. In English, for example, the [n] sound of running is not lengthened. Consonant digraphs are used in English to indicate the preceding vowel is a short (lax) vowel, while a single letter often allows a long (tense) vowel to occur.
The letters i u , which could either indicate vowels (as mentioned) or the consonants /j w/ respectively. In modern times the letters j v began to be used as distinct spellings for these consonants (now often pronounced very differently). Digraphs such as ae au oe , which represented the diphthongs /ae̯ au̯ oe̯/.
These include doubled letters (or whole digraphs) that indicate 'tense' ('strong') consonants and long vowels; sequences with в , у , ә for labialized consonants; and sequences with ӏ or ъ for ejective consonants or pharyngealized consonants and vowels. Tatar also has discontinuous digraphs.