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The following table shows the 24 consonant phonemes found in most dialects of English, plus /x/, whose distribution is more limited. Fortis consonants are always voiceless, aspirated in syllable onset (except in clusters beginning with /s/ or /ʃ/), and sometimes also glottalized to an extent in syllable coda (most likely to occur with /t/, see T-glottalization), while lenis consonants are ...
For example, long vowels, nasal vowels, and various phonations may or may not be counted separately; indeed, it may sometimes be unclear if phonation belongs to the vowels or the consonants of a language. If such things are ignored and only vowels with dedicated IPA letters ('vowel qualities') are considered, then very few languages have more ...
The English alphabet has fewer consonant letters than the English language has consonant sounds, so digraphs like ch , sh , th , and ng are used to extend the alphabet, though some letters and digraphs represent more than one consonant. For example, the sound spelled th in "this" is a different consonant from the th sound in "thin".
An example of a font that uses turned small-capital omega ꭥ for the vowel letter ʊ. The symbol had originally been a small-capital ᴜ . Among consonant letters, the small capital letters ɢ ʜ ʟ ɴ ʀ ʁ , and also ꞯ in extIPA, indicate more guttural sounds than their base letters – ʙ is a late
Sometimes syllable length is also counted as a suprasegmental feature; for example, in some Germanic languages, long vowels may only exist with short consonants and vice versa. However, syllables can be analyzed as compositions of long and short phonemes, as in Finnish and Japanese, where consonant gemination and vowel length are independent.
Mid central vowel release ̽: Mid-centralized ̝ ˔ Raised ᶿ Voiceless dental fricative release ̩ ̍: Syllabic ̞ ˕ Lowered ˣ: Voiceless velar fricative release ̯ ̑: Non-syllabic ̘ ꭪ Advanced tongue root ʼ: Ejective ˞ Rhoticity ̙ ꭫ Retracted tongue root ͡ ͜ Affricate or double articulation
As an example, the vowel spelled a corresponds to two Middle English pronunciations: /a/ in most circumstances, but long /aː/ in an open syllable, i.e. followed by a single consonant and then a vowel, notated aCV in the spelling column. (This discussion ignores the effect of trisyllabic laxing.)
Most commonly, the change is a result of sound assimilation with an adjacent sound of opposite voicing, but it can also occur word-finally or in contact with a specific vowel. For example, the English suffix -s is pronounced [s] when it follows a voiceless phoneme (cats), and [z] when it follows a voiced phoneme (dogs). [1]