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The Cannizzaro reaction, named after its discoverer Stanislao Cannizzaro, is a chemical reaction which involves the base-induced disproportionation of two molecules of a non-enolizable aldehyde to give a primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid. [1] [2]
Pivaldehyde is an organic compound, more specifically an aldehyde.Shown in the image is a line-angle representation of this organic aldehyde, whose systematic name, 2,2-dimethylpropanal, is based on the longest carbon chain (three carbon atoms), ending in "-al" to indicate the aldehyde functionality, and where another descriptive synonym is trimethylacetaldehyde. [2]
Pentaerythritol was first reported in 1891 by German chemist Bernhard Tollens and his student P. Wigand. [5] It may be prepared via a base-catalyzed multiple-addition reaction between acetaldehyde and 3 equivalents of formaldehyde to give pentaerythrose (CAS: 3818-32-4), followed by a Cannizzaro reaction with a fourth equivalent of formaldehyde to give the final product plus formate ion.
Trimethylolethane is produced via a two step process, starting with the condensation reaction of propionaldehyde with formaldehyde: CH 3 CH 2 CHO + 2 CH 2 O → CH 3 C(CH 2 OH) 2 CHO. The second step entails a Cannizzaro reaction: CH 3 C(CH 2 OH) 2 CHO + CH 2 O + NaOH → CH 3 C(CH 2 OH) 3 + NaO 2 CH. A few thousand tons are produced annually ...
Acetaldehyde ammonia trimer is the cyclic trimer formed in the condensation reaction of acetaldehyde with ammonia: 3 CH 3 CHO + 3 NH 3 → (CH 3 CHNH) 3 + 3 H 2 O. The aldehyde ammonia does not need to be isolated as an intermediate. The configuration of the three methyl groups in thialdine can differ, so that multiple cis-trans isomers are ...
In the context of butanol fuel, isobutyraldehyde is of interest as a precursor to isobutanol. E. coli as well as several other organisms has been genetically modified to produce isobutanol. α-Ketoisovalerate, derived from oxidative deamination of valine, is prone to decarboxylation to give isobutyraldehyde, which is susceptible to reduction to the alcohol: [3]
The reaction is named after Russian organic chemist Vyacheslav Tishchenko, who discovered that aluminium alkoxides are effective catalysts for the reaction. [1] [2] [3] In the related Cannizzaro reaction, the base is sodium hydroxide and then the oxidation product is a carboxylic acid and the reduction product is an alcohol.
Ortho esters are readily hydrolyzed in mild aqueous acid to form esters: . RC(OR ′) 3 + H 2 O → RCO 2 R ′ + 2 R ′ OH. For example, trimethyl orthoformate CH(OCH 3) 3 may be hydrolyzed (under acidic conditions) to methyl formate and methanol; [5] and may be further hydrolyzed (under alkaline conditions) to salts of formic acid and methanol.