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In civil engineering, concrete leveling is a procedure that attempts to correct an uneven concrete surface by altering the foundation that the surface sits upon. It is a cheaper alternative to having replacement concrete poured and is commonly performed at small businesses and private homes as well as at factories, warehouses, airports and on roads, highways and other infrastructure.
Modern reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made of steel, polymers or alternate composite material in conjunction with rebar or not. Reinforced concrete may also be permanently stressed (concrete in compression, reinforcement in tension), so as to improve the behavior of the final structure under working loads.
4 Hard drawn steel wire for concrete reinforcement. IS 1566 – 1982 5 Method for Tensile testing of Steel products IS 1608 – 1972 6 Code of practice for bending & fixing of bars for concrete reinforcement IS 2502 - 1963 (I) Pre cast R.C.C. Pipes; 1 Specifications for pre cast concrete pipes. IS 458 – 1988 2 Methods of Tests for concrete pipes.
Logo of Eurocode 2 An example of a concrete structure. In the Eurocode series of European standards (EN) related to construction, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures (abbreviated EN 1992 or, informally, EC 2) specifies technical rules for the design of concrete, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures, using the limit state design philosophy.
Formwork is used for the process of creating a mold into which concrete is poured and solidified. Traditional formwork is fabricated using wood, but it can employ steel, glass fibre, reinforced plastics and other materials. [3] Formwork for beams takes the form of a box that is supported and propped in the correct position and level.
The other standard method of levelling in construction and surveying is called trigonometric levelling, which is preferred when levelling "out" to a number of points from one stationary point. This is done by using a total station , or any other instrument to read the vertical, or zenith angle to the rod, and the change in elevation is ...
Each assembly has two parallel steel plates joined by welded stringers or tie bars. The assemblies are then moved to the job site and placed with a crane. Finally, the space between the plate walls is filled with concrete. [1] The method provides excellent strength because the steel is on the outside, where tensile forces are often greatest.
Structural engineers often specialize in particular types of structures, such as buildings, bridges, pipelines, industrial, tunnels, vehicles, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. Structural engineers who specialize in buildings may specialize in particular construction materials such as concrete, steel, wood, masonry, alloys and composites.