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Probability is the branch of mathematics and statistics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur. [note 1] [1] [2] This number is often expressed as a percentage (%), ranging from 0% to ...
The probability is sometimes written to distinguish it from other functions and measure P to avoid having to define "P is a probability" and () is short for ({: ()}), where is the event space, is a random variable that is a function of (i.e., it depends upon ), and is some outcome of interest within the domain specified by (say, a particular ...
A discrete probability distribution is the probability distribution of a random variable that can take on only a countable number of values [15] (almost surely) [16] which means that the probability of any event can be expressed as a (finite or countably infinite) sum: = (=), where is a countable set with () =.
Convergence in probability implies convergence in distribution. In the opposite direction, convergence in distribution implies convergence in probability when the limiting random variable X is a constant. Convergence in probability does not imply almost sure convergence.
The word probability has been used in a variety of ways since it was first applied to the mathematical study of games of chance.Does probability measure the real, physical, tendency of something to occur, or is it a measure of how strongly one believes it will occur, or does it draw on both these elements?
In the empirical sciences, the so-called three-sigma rule of thumb (or 3 σ rule) expresses a conventional heuristic that nearly all values are taken to lie within three standard deviations of the mean, and thus it is empirically useful to treat 99.7% probability as near certainty. [2]
Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations , probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set of axioms .
When probability is expressed as a number between 0 and 1, the relationships between probability p and odds are as follows. Note that if probability is to be expressed as a percentage these probability values should be multiplied by 100%. " X in Y" means that the probability is p = X / Y. " X to Y in favor" means that the probability is p = X ...