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When variable decelerations are associated with uterine contractions, their onset, depth, and duration commonly vary with successive uterine contractions. [citation needed] Prolonged deceleration: a decrease in FHR from baseline of at least 15 bpm, lasting at least 2 minutes but less than 10 minutes. A deceleration of at least 10 minutes is a ...
Late decelerations in fetal heart rate occurring during uterine contractions are associated with increased fetal death rate, growth retardation and neonatal depression. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] This test assesses fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions via electronic fetal monitoring .
A nonstress test can be classified as normal, atypical, or abnormal. A normal nonstress test will show a baseline fetal heart rate between 110 and 160 beats per minute with moderate variability (5- to 25-interbeat variability) and 2 qualifying accelerations in 20 minutes with no decelerations.
The E peak arises due to early diastolic filling. Most filling (70-85%) of the ventricle occurs during this phase. The A peak arises due to atrial contraction, forcing approximately 15-20% of stroke volume into the ventricle. The deceleration time is the time taken from the maximum E point to baseline.
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]
Nuchal cord, when the umbilical cord is (tightly) around the neck of the fetus [2]; Entanglement of the cord [2]; Knot in the cord [2]; Cord prolapse, where the umbilical cord exits the birth canal before the baby, which can cause cord compression.
Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a condition during pregnancy or labor in which the fetus shows signs of inadequate oxygenation. [1] Due to its imprecision, the term "fetal distress" has fallen out of use in American obstetrics.
Uterine Tachysystole is a condition of excessively frequent uterine contractions during pregnancy. [1] It is most often seen in induced or augmented labor, though it can also occur during spontaneous labor, [2] and this may result in fetal hypoxia and acidosis.