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Fluid and electrolyte balance, in which fluid balance and electrolyte balance are intertwined homeostatically, is necessary to health in all organisms.It includes reference ranges for cation concentrations of biometals, which in reference to human medicine and veterinary medicine principally includes those for blood serum ion concentrations in humans and in livestock and pets.
Metal toxicity or metal poisoning is the toxic effect of certain metals in certain forms and doses on life.Some metals are toxic when they form poisonous soluble compounds. . Certain metals have no biological role, i.e. are not essential minerals, or are toxic when in a certain for
This effect is attributed to the antibacterial behavior of metal ions, which are absorbed by bacteria upon contact and damage their cell membranes. [1] In modern times, the effect was observed by Carl Nägeli, although he did not identify the cause. [2] Brass doorknobs, brass handrails, and silverware all exhibit this effect to an extent.
Metal ions and metallic compounds are often used in medical treatments and diagnoses. [18] Compounds containing metal ions can be used as medicine, such as lithium compounds and auranofin. [19] [20] Metal compounds and ions can also produce harmful effects on the body due to the toxicity of several types of metals. [18]
Hexavalent chromium and trivalent chromium are chromium ions—they have different numbers of electrons and, therefore, different properties. Trivalent chromium, or chromium(III), is the form of chromium that is essential to human health. [3] Hexavalent chromium, or chromium(VI), is an unequivocally toxic form.
Chloride ion channels have been found to play crucial roles in the development of human diseases, for example, mutations in the genes encoding chloride ion channels lead to a variety of deleterious diseases in muscle, kidney, bone, and brain, including cystic fibrosis, osteoporosis, and epilepsy, and similarly their activation is supposed to be ...
Fluoride toxicity is a condition in which there are elevated levels of the fluoride ion in the body. Although fluoride is safe for dental health at low concentrations, [1] sustained consumption of large amounts of soluble fluoride salts is dangerous.
Roughly 5 grams of iron are present in the human body and is the most abundant trace metal. [1] It is absorbed in the intestine as heme or non-heme iron depending on the food source. Heme iron is derived from the digestion of hemoproteins in meat. [4] Non-heme iron is mainly derived from plants and exist as iron(II) or iron(III) ions. [4]