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Defining equation (physical chemistry) List of electromagnetism equations; List of equations in classical mechanics; List of equations in gravitation; List of equations in nuclear and particle physics; List of equations in quantum mechanics; List of equations in wave theory; List of relativistic equations
An electromagnetic wave propagating along a path C has the phase shift over C as if it was propagating a path in a vacuum, length of which, is equal to the optical path length of C. Thus, if a wave is traveling through several different media, then the optical path length of each medium can be added to find the total optical path length. The ...
Kirchhoff's integral theorem, sometimes referred to as the Fresnel–Kirchhoff integral theorem, [3] uses Green's second identity to derive the solution of the homogeneous scalar wave equation at an arbitrary spatial position P in terms of the solution of the wave equation and its first order derivative at all points on an arbitrary closed surface as the boundary of some volume including P.
Ray tracing of a beam of light passing through a medium with changing refractive index.The ray is advanced by a small amount, and then the direction is re-calculated. Ray tracing works by assuming that the particle or wave can be modeled as a large number of very narrow beams (), and that there exists some distance, possibly very small, over which such a ray is locally straight.
The phase velocity is the rate at which the phase of the wave propagates in space. The group velocity is the rate at which the wave envelope, i.e. the changes in amplitude, propagates. The wave envelope is the profile of the wave amplitudes; all transverse displacements are bound by the envelope profile.
The Fraunhofer diffraction equation is an approximation which can be applied when the diffracted wave is observed in the far field, and also when a lens is used to focus the diffracted light; in many instances, a simple analytical solution is available to the Fraunhofer equation – several of these are derived below.
In optics, the Fraunhofer diffraction equation is used to model the diffraction of waves when plane waves are incident on a diffracting object, and the diffraction pattern is viewed at a sufficiently long distance (a distance satisfying Fraunhofer condition) from the object (in the far-field region), and also when it is viewed at the focal plane of an imaging lens.
Note that all Jones vectors and matrices in this article employ the convention that the phase of the light wave is given by =, a convention used by Hecht. Under this convention, increase in ϕ x {\displaystyle \phi _{x}} (or ϕ y {\displaystyle \phi _{y}} ) indicates retardation (delay) in phase, while decrease indicates advance in phase.