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When substituted into the above formula, the Leibniz rule as applied for the standard exterior derivative and for the covariant derivative ∇ cancel out the arbitrary choice. [6] A vector-valued differential 2-form s may be regarded as a certain collection of functions s α ij assigned to an arbitrary local frame of E over a local coordinate ...
The proof of the general Leibniz rule [2]: 68–69 proceeds by induction. Let and be -times differentiable functions.The base case when = claims that: ′ = ′ + ′, which is the usual product rule and is known to be true.
The exterior derivative of this 0-form is the 1-form df. When an inner product ·,· is defined, the gradient ∇ f of a function f is defined as the unique vector in V such that its inner product with any element of V is the directional derivative of f along the vector, that is such that
In mathematics, especially vector calculus and differential topology, a closed form is a differential form α whose exterior derivative is zero (dα = 0), and an exact form is a differential form, α, that is the exterior derivative of another differential form β. Thus, an exact form is in the image of d, and a closed form is in the kernel of d.
for the nth derivative. When f is a function of several variables, it is common to use "∂", a stylized cursive lower-case d, rather than "D". As above, the subscripts denote the derivatives that are being taken. For example, the second partial derivatives of a function f(x, y) are: [6]
In mathematics, a linear differential equation is a differential equation that is defined by a linear polynomial in the unknown function and its derivatives, that is an equation of the form + ′ + ″ + () = where a 0 (x), ..., a n (x) and b(x) are arbitrary differentiable functions that do not need to be linear, and y′, ..., y (n) are the successive derivatives of an unknown function y of ...
The derivative of the function at a point is the slope of the line tangent to the curve at the point. The slope of the constant function is 0, because the tangent line to the constant function is horizontal and its angle is 0.
The difference operator of difference equations is another discrete analog of the standard derivative. Δ f ( x ) = f ( x + 1 ) − f ( x ) {\displaystyle \Delta f(x)=f(x+1)-f(x)} The q-derivative, the difference operator and the standard derivative can all be viewed as the same thing on different time scales .