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Blood clots can prevent urine outflow through either ureter or the bladder. [17] This is known as acute urinary retention. Blood clots that remain in the bladder are digested by urinary urokinase producing fibrin fragments. [17] These fibrin fragments are natural anticoagulants and promote ongoing bleeding from the urinary tract. [17]
Other complications can include increased urgency and frequency of urination, blood in the urine, leakage of urine, pain in the kidney, bladder, or groin, and pain in the kidneys during, and for a short time after urination. [3] These effects are generally temporary and disappear with the removal of the stent.
Catheter diameters are sized by the French catheter scale (F). The most common sizes are 10 F (3.3mm) to 28 F (9.3mm). The clinician selects a size large enough to allow free flow of urine, and large enough to control leakage of urine around the catheter. A larger size is necessary when the urine is thick, bloody, or contains large amounts of ...
A post-void residual urine greater than 50 ml is a significant amount of urine and increases the potential for recurring urinary tract infections. [citation needed] In adults older than 60 years, 50-100 ml of residual urine may remain after each voiding because of the decreased contractility of the detrusor muscle. [7]
Risks during surgery include heart problems, pulmonary (lung) complications, development of blood clots , blocking of arteries , and injury to adjacent structures, such as bowel or vascular entities. Inadequate ureteral length may also be encountered, leading to ureteral kinking and subsequent obstruction.
Blood in urine usually clears up after 48 to 72 hours. Bleeding longer than this period may signifies more serious bleeding complication. About 2–4% of percutaneous nephrostomy cases require blood transfusion. [9] Arteriovenous fistula is a rare complication. [10] The BMJ has published original research of this condition and its treatment,
Stenosis: Stenosis of the channel occurs when it becomes narrower, making it difficult to pass a catheter. [11] Additional surgery may be required to ensure the safe insertion of a catheter. [11] If the bladder cannot be emptied via the urethra and the catheter cannot enter the channel, it is a medical emergency. [5]
Hemorrhagic cystitis or haemorrhagic cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder defined by lower urinary tract symptoms that include dysuria, hematuria, and hemorrhage.The disease can occur as a complication of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and radiation therapy.