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Azolla (mosquito fern, water fern, fairy moss) is a genus of seven species of aquatic ferns in the ... Rice farmers used Azolla as a rice biofertilizer 1500 years ago.
A biofertilizer is a substance containing living micro-organisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. [1]
The group has also the smallest known genomes of all ferns. One genus, Azolla, is amongst the fastest growing plants on earth and caused a cooling of the climate in the Azolla event about 50 million years ago. [2] There is a well-known fossil member of the Marsileales, Hydropteris (incertae sedis).
The fern Azolla forms a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to this essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a "super-plant", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass in as little as 1.9 ...
This symbiotic relationship is exploited by humans in agriculture. In Asia, Azolla plants containing Anabaena species are used as biofertilizer where nitrogen is limiting [8] as well as in animal feed. [9] Different strains of Azolla-Anabaena are suited for different environments and may lead to differences in crop production. [10]
Azolla cristata , the Carolina mosquitofern, [3] Carolina azolla or water velvet, is a species of Azolla native to the Americas, in eastern North America from southern Ontario southward, and from the east coast west to Wisconsin and Texas, and in the Caribbean, and in Central and South America from southeastern Mexico south to northern Argentina and Uruguay.