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Use of ECN on a TCP connection is optional; for ECN to be used, it must be negotiated at connection establishment by including suitable options in the SYN and SYN-ACK segments. When ECN has been negotiated on a TCP connection, the sender indicates that IP packets that carry TCP segments of that connection are carrying traffic from an ECN ...
As with the Unix copy command cp, rcp overwrites an existing file of the same name in the target; unlike cp, it provides no mechanism for warning the user before overwriting the target file. [16] Like rsh, rcp uses TCP port 514. [17]
Reasons for this message may include: the physical connection to the host does not exist (distance is infinite); the indicated protocol or port is not active; the data must be fragmented but the 'don't fragment' flag is on. [18] Unreachable TCP ports notably respond with TCP RST rather than a destination unreachable type 3 as might be expected.
Transport Layer Security (TLS) requires a handshake of its own for key exchange at connection establishment. Because of the layered design, the TCP handshake and the TLS handshake proceed serially; the TLS handshake cannot begin until the TCP handshake has concluded. [113] Two RTTs are required for connection establishment with TLS 1.2 over TCP ...
A rule of thumb in determining if a reply fits into the 4xx or the 5xx (Permanent Negative) category is that replies are 4xx if the commands can be repeated without any change in command form or in properties of the User or Server (e.g., the command is spelled the same with the same arguments used; the user does not change his file access or ...
Q.2931 [3] is a modified and extended variant of Q.931 for use on "B-ISDN" or ATM networks. Q.2931 fulfils a purpose within BISDN similar to that of Q.931 in ISDN. Whilst ISDN allocates bandwidth in fixed 64k increments, B-ISDN/ATM incorporates an elaborate traffic management scheme, allowing precise specification of virtual circuit traffic parameters such as peak and mean bandwidth, jitter ...
SCCP employs a process called Global Title Translation to determine Point Codes from Global Titles so as to instruct MTP on where to route messages. SCCP messages contain parameters which describe the type of addressing used, and how the message should be routed: Address Indicator. Routing indicator. Route on Global Title; Route on Point Code ...
Typically, TCP Keepalives are sent every 45 or 60 seconds on an idle TCP connection, and the connection is dropped after 3 sequential ACKs are missed. This varies by host, e.g. by default, Windows PCs send the first TCP Keepalive packet after 7200000ms (2 hours), then send 5 Keepalives at 1000ms intervals, dropping the connection if there is no ...