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Jalaluddin was born on 29 August 1949 in Bandung, the capital of the then State of Pasundan (now the Province of West Java). [2] His father was a member of the Nahdlatul Ulama Islamic organization, while his mother was a well-known activist in the city. At the age of two, Jalaluddin's father left him and his mother due to political tensions.
Muhammadiyah follows the Athari school of Sunni Islam, accepting only taking naqli (scripturalist) and rejecting all aqli (rationalist) tendencies.It emphasizes the authority of the Qur'an and the Hadiths as supreme Islamic law that serves as the legitimate basis of the interpretation of religious belief and practices.
Sumitro (standing, third from left) as part of an Indonesian student football team in 1939. Sumitro was born in Kebumen on 27 May 1917. He was the eldest child of Margono Djojohadikusumo, a high ranking civil servant in the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies and later founder of Bank Negara Indonesia, [1] [2] and Siti Katoemi Wirodihardjo. [3]
Balai Pustaka ([ˈbalai pusˈtaka]; also spelled Balai Poestaka, both meaning "Bureau of Literature") is the state-owned publisher of Indonesia and publisher of major pieces of Indonesian literature such as Salah Asuhan, Sitti Nurbaya and Layar Terkembang.
The CGI was established as a replacement for the Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI). The IGGI was an international donor group established in the late 1960s to help coordinate the flow of foreign aid to Indonesia.
The National Principles (Malay: Rukun Negara; Jawi: روکون نݢارا ) is the Malaysian declaration of national philosophy instituted by royal proclamation on Merdeka Day, 1970, in reaction to the 13 May race riots, which occurred in 1969. [1]
Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia; [baˈhasa indoˈnesija]) is the official and national language of Indonesia. [9] It is a standardized variety of Malay , [ 10 ] an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries.
During its formation period in peacetime, in the 1950s–1960s (now known as Djawatan Sandi), Djawatan Sandi relied on a special training program called Pendidikan Sandiman dan Juru Sandi (Education of Signal Operators and Signal Expert). In 1969, the program was elevated into Pendidikan Ahli Sandi Gaya Baru (New