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The pneumotaxic center regulates the amount of air that can be taken into the body in each breath. The dorsal respiratory group has rhythmic bursts of activity that are constant in duration and interval. [11] When a faster rate of breathing is needed the pneumotaxic center signals the dorsal respiratory group to speed up.
pneumotaxic center. Coordinates speed of inhalation and exhalation; Sends inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area; Involved in fine tuning of respiration rate. apneustic center. Coordinates speed of inhalation and exhalation. Sends stimulatory impulses to the inspiratory area – activates and prolongs inhalations
Specifically, concurrent removal of input from the vagus nerve and the pneumotaxic center causes this pattern of breathing. It is an ominous sign, with a generally poor prognosis. It can also be temporarily caused by some drugs, such as ketamine. It causes craniocerebral injury.
Pulmonary stretch receptors are mechanoreceptors found in the lungs.. When the lung expands, the receptors initiate the Hering-Breuer reflex, which reduces the respiratory rate.
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The medullary respiratory center can be subdivided into anterior and posterior portions. They are called the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups respectively. The pontine respiratory group consists of two parts: the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center. [10]
Within the pons is the pneumotaxic center consisting of the subparabrachial and the medial parabrachial nuclei. This center regulates the change from inhalation to exhalation. [2] The pons is implicated in sleep paralysis, and may also play a role in generating dreams. [8]
The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the functional residual capacity which remains in the lungs after each exhalation, and ...