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  2. Statistical fluctuations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_fluctuations

    When a number of random processes occur, it can be shown that the outcomes fluctuate (vary in time) and that the fluctuations are inversely proportional to the square root of the number of processes. The average of fluctuations over a statistical ensemble is always zero as they are defined as deviations from the mean. [1]

  3. Measurement uncertainty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_uncertainty

    The measurement uncertainty is often taken as the standard deviation of a state-of-knowledge probability distribution over the possible values that could be attributed to a measured quantity. Relative uncertainty is the measurement uncertainty relative to the magnitude of a particular single choice for the value for the measured quantity, when ...

  4. Quantum fluctuation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation

    3D visualization of quantum fluctuations of the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) vacuum [1]. In quantum physics, a quantum fluctuation (also known as a vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation) is the temporary random change in the amount of energy in a point in space, [2] as prescribed by Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.

  5. Quantum vacuum state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_vacuum_state

    The video of an experiment showing vacuum fluctuations (in the red ring) amplified by spontaneous parametric down-conversion.. If the quantum field theory can be accurately described through perturbation theory, then the properties of the vacuum are analogous to the properties of the ground state of a quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator, or more accurately, the ground state of a measurement ...

  6. Level of measurement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_measurement

    Level of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables. [1] Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement: nominal , ordinal , interval , and ratio .

  7. Observer effect (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_effect_(physics)

    The quantum mechanical observer is tied to the issue of observer effect, where a measurement necessarily requires interacting with the physical object being measured, affecting its properties through the interaction. The term "observable" has gained a technical meaning, denoting a Hermitian operator that represents a measurement. [9]: 55

  8. Wave function collapse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_function_collapse

    The two terms "reduction of the state vector" (or "state reduction" for short) and "wave function collapse" are used to describe the same concept. A quantum state is a mathematical description of a quantum system; a quantum state vector uses Hilbert space vectors for the description.

  9. Observational error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_error

    If the next measurement is higher than the previous measurement as may occur if an instrument becomes warmer during the experiment then the measured quantity is variable and it is possible to detect a drift by checking the zero reading during the experiment as well as at the start of the experiment (indeed, the zero reading is a measurement of ...