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  2. Official (gridiron football) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_(gridiron_football)

    A pair of officials at a Maryland high school football game in September 2008. White knickers used to be worn by officials; black trousers are now standard.. For ease of recognition, officials are usually clad in a black-and-white vertically striped shirt and black trousers with a thin white stripe down the side (this was formerly white knickers with black/white striped stirrup stockings or ...

  3. Umpire (Australian rules football) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpire_(Australian_rules...

    An umpire is an official in the sport of Australian rules football who adjudicates the game according to the "Laws Of The Game", the official handbook of Australian Rules Football. Umpiring the game of AFL across all leagues (professional, amateur or juniors) has been subject to long history of abuse, which in more recent times the AFL has ...

  4. Illegal procedure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_procedure

    Some penalties are signalled with a generic "illegal procedure" signal. [1] Examples are: False start; Illegal formation; Kickoff or safety kick out of bounds; Player voluntarily going out of bounds and returning to the field of play on a punt; Some examples of similar penalties have their own signals. Examples include: Illegal shift; Illegal ...

  5. Penalty (gridiron football) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_(gridiron_football)

    Officials initially signal penalties by tossing a bright yellow colored penalty flag onto the field toward or at the spot of a foul. [2] Many penalties result in moving the football toward the offending team's end zone, usually in 5 yard increments. Penalties may go as high as 25 yards depending on the penalty and league.

  6. Glossary of Australian rules football - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Australian...

    Field umpire: see central umpire. Fifty: see 50-metre penalty. Final siren: the siren that sounds to signal the end of the game. Finals: the post-season series of games that decide the premiership. First picked: colloquial term for a player that is highly valuable to a team, but typically not applied to the star players. The expression ...

  7. Signs of the Time (film) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_of_the_Time_(film)

    Signs of the Time is a 60-minute American documentary film on the origin of hand signals in baseball.There are several myths in regard to how signals were started, and the film addresses some of the mysteries that led to umpires giving hand-signals to call plays in the field, base coaches to relay hand signals to players on the field, and catchers to relay hand signals to pitchers.

  8. Touchdown - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown

    The officials' hand signal for a touchdown is both arms extended vertically above the head, with palms facing inward—the same signal used for a field goal or conversion. [5] Unlike a try scored in rugby, and contrary to the event's name, the ball does not need to touch the ground when the player and the ball are inside the end zone.

  9. Chain crew - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_crew

    The chain gang. In gridiron football, the chain crew (commonly known as the "chain gang") is a crew that manages signal poles on one of the sidelines.There are three primary signal poles: the "rear rod" that marks the beginning of the current set of downs, the "forward rod" that marks the line to gain, and the "box" that marks the line of scrimmage.