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As the empire began to dissolve in the early 18th century, many subahs became de facto independent or came under the influence of the Marathas or the suzerainty of the East India Company. In the modern context, subah (صوبہ) is used in several Pakistani languages (most notably Punjabi, Balochi, and Urdu) to refer to a province of Pakistan.
Northern Province: Prior to independence, the majority of the territory now comprising Uttar Pradesh was administered by the British under various names—the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, the United Provinces of British India, and simply United Provinces. The latter name was retained at independence.
As per Government of India census data of 2011, the total number of Urdu speakers in the Republic of India were 62,772,631. [1] [2] According to the census guidelines, "Urdu" does not broadly refer to the Hindustani language, but the literary-register of the macrolanguage, hence accounting Hindi as a separate language.
"Pradesh" refers to a province or territory in various South Asian languages. It derives from the Sanskrit प्रदेश pradeśa, meaning "sub-region" or "sub-country". The word was borrowed into other languages to signify "nation" or "country": Thai: ประเทศ prathet, Lao: ປະເທດ pathet
Urdu had 70 million speakers in India (per the Census of 2001), and, along with Hindi, is one of the 22 officially recognised regional languages of India and also an official language in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh [100], Jammu and Kashmir, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Telangana that have significant Muslim populations.
Urdu replaced Sindhi as Karachi's most widely spoken language; Sindhi was the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi in 1941, but only 8.5% in 1951, while Urdu grew to become the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi's population. [103] 100,000 Muhajir refugees arrived annually in Karachi until 1952. Muhajirs kept arriving from different parts of India ...
The Hindustani language is the language of Hindustan and the lingua franca of the northern Indian subcontinent. [22] Hindustani derives from the Old Hindi language of Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi areas. Its literary standard forms—Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu—use different scripts.
The major language is Punjabi, which is written in India with the Gurmukhi script, and in Pakistan using the Shahmukhi script. [120] The Punjabi language has official status and is widely used in education and administration in Indian Punjab, whereas in Pakistani Punjab these roles are instead fulfilled by the Urdu language.