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  2. De facto - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto

    The de facto boundaries of a country are defined by the area that its government is actually able to enforce its laws in, and to defend against encroachments by other countries that may also claim the same territory de jure. The Durand Line is an example of a de facto boundary.

  3. De facto standard - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_standard

    In 2005, PDF/A became a de jure standard as ISO 19005-1:2005. [4] In 2008 Adobe's PDF 1.7 became ISO 32000-1:2008. [5] [6] AutoCAD DXF, an ASCII format for import and export of CAD drawings and fragments in the 1980s and 1990s. In the 2000s, XML based standards emerged as de facto standards.

  4. Diplomatic recognition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition

    De facto recognition of states, rather than de jure, is rare. De jure recognition is stronger, while de facto recognition is more tentative and recognizes only that a government exercises control over a territory. An example of the difference is when the United Kingdom recognized the Soviet state de facto in 1921, but de jure only in 1924.

  5. Racial segregation in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the...

    Segregation was enforced across the U.S. for much of its history. Racial segregation follows two forms, de jure and de facto. De jure segregation mandated the separation of races by law, and was the form imposed by U.S. states in slave codes before the Civil War and by Black Codes and Jim Crow laws following the war, primarily in the Southern ...

  6. De jure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure

    In U.S. law, particularly after Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the difference between de facto segregation (that existed because of voluntary associations and neighborhoods) and de jure segregation (that existed because of local laws) became important distinctions for court-mandated remedial purposes.

  7. The Color of Law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Color_of_Law

    While de facto segregation simply exists due to people's habits, de jure segregation is the result of laws and ordinances that discriminate against minorities. In the preface of the book, Rothstein argues that, if it can be shown that housing segregation in America is the result of de jure factors rather than simply de facto , then all ...

  8. Power behind the throne - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne

    A modern example is Sonia Gandhi, acting as the real power behind the erstwhile Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy, under the Bhat family, they became the de facto leaders of the Maratha Confederacy, with the Chhatrapati becoming a nominal ruler. Sarvadhikari, chief minister of the Kingdom of Mysore.

  9. Nationality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality

    For example, some Kurds say that they have Kurdish nationality, even though there is no Kurdish sovereign state at this time in history. A Soviet birth certificate, in which the nacional'nost' of both parents (here both Jewish) was recorded. These records were subsequently used to determine the ethnicity of the child, as specified in his ...