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Antibodies to HMG proteins are found in patients with autoimmune diseases. The SRY gene on the Y Chromosome, responsible for male sexual differentiation, contains an HMG-Box domain. A member of the HMG family of proteins, HMGB1 , has also been shown to have an extracellular activity as a chemokine , attracting neutrophils and mononuclear ...
Once occupied one protein cannot displace the other. However both proteins are not permanently associated to the nucleosomes and can be removed via post transcriptional modifications. In the case of HMGN proteins, Protein kinase C (PKC) can phosphorylate the serine amino acids in the nucleosome binding domain present in all HMGN variants. [12]
The domain is most commonly found in the high mobility group (HMG) proteins, HMG14 and HMG17, however, it is also found in other proteins which bind to nucleosomes, e.g. NBP-45. NBP-45 is a nucleosomal binding protein, first identified in mice, [3] which is related to HMG14 and HMG17. NBP-45 binds specifically to nucleosome core particles, and ...
HMG-box containing proteins only bind non-B-type DNA conformations (kinked or unwound) with high affinity. [1]HMG-box domains are found in some high mobility group proteins, which are involved in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as transcription, replication, and DNA repair, all of which require changing the conformation of chromatin. [3]
HMGB1 has to interact with p53. [15] [16]HMGB1 is a nuclear protein that binds to DNA and acts as an architectural chromatin-binding factor. It can also be released from cells, an extracellular form in which it may bind to toll-like receptors (TLRs) or an inflammatory receptor called the receptor for advanced glycation end-products RAGE.
HMGA1 proteins have high amounts of diverse posttranslational modifications and are located mainly in the nucleus, especially in heterochromatin, but also in mitochondria and the cytoplasm. Recently it has been shown that HMGA1 proteins, HMGA1a and HMGA1b, can cross-link DNA fibers in vitro and can induce chromatin clustering in vivo suggesting ...
The 2 proteins may be involved in the process that maintains transcribable genes in a unique chromatin conformation. [8] Their ubiquitous distribution and relative abundance, as well as the high evolutionary conservation of the DNA-binding domain of the HMG14 family of proteins, suggest that they may be involved in an important cellular function.
The second AT-hook of HMGA1 (black ribbon) bound to the minor-groove of AT-rich DNA. The amino-acid side chains and nucleotides have been hidden. The AT-hook is a DNA-binding motif present in many proteins, including the high mobility group (HMG) proteins, [1] DNA-binding proteins from plants [2] and hBRG1 protein, a central ATPase of the human switching/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF ...