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Self-heating food packaging is active packaging with the ability to heat food contents without external heat sources or power, usually using an exothermic chemical reaction. Packets can also be self-cooling. These packages are useful for military operations, during natural disasters, or whenever conventional cooking is not available.
To heat a meal, the bag is first torn open, and a sealed food pouch is placed inside. About 1 US fluid ounce (30 mL) of water is then added to the bag, using the line printed on the bag as a marker. The chemical reaction begins immediately, and takes about 12 to 15 minutes to heat a food pouch to about 60 °C (140 °F).
Both ice and other non-toxic refrigerants (mostly water) can absorb a considerable amount of heat before they warm above 0 °C (32 °F).` Ice packs are used in coolers to keep perishable foods (especially meats, dairy products, eggs, etc.) below the 5–75 °C (41–167 °F) danger zone when outside a refrigerator or freezer, and to keep drinks ...
The reaction can last 3 to 6 hours depending on whether both or only one ends of the charcoal is lit. Unlike iron-oxide based hand-warmers, charcoal handwarmers can last longer while staying hotter due to a more linear reaction rate but due to the charcoal fuel being shelf-stable they require an ignition source and produce a smokey odor when used.
Electric pads usually operate from household current and must have protection against overheating.. A moist heating pad is used damp on the user's skin. These pads register temperatures from 76 to 82 °C (169 to 180 °F) and are intended for deep tissue treatment and can be dangerous if left on unattended.
Heat flow is an inevitable consequence of contact between objects of different temperature. Thermal insulation provides a region of insulation in which thermal conduction is reduced, creating a thermal break or thermal barrier , [ 2 ] or thermal radiation is reflected rather than absorbed by the lower-temperature body.
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