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This should not be read as a statement of the modern law of conservation of momentum, since Descartes had no concept of mass as distinct from weight and size. (The concept of mass, as distinct from weight, was introduced by Newton in 1686.) [66] More important, he believed that it is speed rather than velocity that is conserved. So for ...
Multiplying the pressure difference by the area of a face gives a net force on the cuboid—the buoyancy—equaling in size the weight of the fluid displaced by the cuboid. By summing up sufficiently many arbitrarily small cuboids this reasoning may be extended to irregular shapes, and so, whatever the shape of the submerged body, the buoyant ...
The moment of force, or torque, is a first moment: =, or, more generally, .; Similarly, angular momentum is the 1st moment of momentum: =.Momentum itself is not a moment.; The electric dipole moment is also a 1st moment: = for two opposite point charges or () for a distributed charge with charge density ().
Left: intrinsic "spin" angular momentum S is really orbital angular momentum of the object at every point, right: extrinsic orbital angular momentum L about an axis, top: the moment of inertia tensor I and angular velocity ω (L is not always parallel to ω) [6] bottom: momentum p and its radial position r from the axis.
This equation holds for a body or system, such as one or more particles, with total energy E, invariant mass m 0, and momentum of magnitude p; the constant c is the speed of light. It assumes the special relativity case of flat spacetime [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and that the particles are free.
When Newton's laws are applied to rotating extended bodies, they lead to new quantities that are analogous to those invoked in the original laws. The analogue of mass is the moment of inertia, the counterpart of momentum is angular momentum, and the counterpart of force is torque. Angular momentum is calculated with respect to a reference point ...
The equation above presupposes that the gas density is low (i.e. the pressure is low). This implies that the transport of momentum through the gas due to the translational motion of molecules is much larger than the transport due to momentum being transferred between molecules during collisions.
He measured momentum by the product of velocity and weight; mass is a later concept, developed by Huygens and Newton. In the swinging of a simple pendulum, Galileo says in Discourses [ 5 ] that "every momentum acquired in the descent along an arc is equal to that which causes the same moving body to ascend through the same arc."