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Influenza C virus is the only species in the genus Gammainfluenzavirus, in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae, which like other influenza viruses, causes influenza. Influenza C viruses are known to infect humans and pigs. [1] Flu due to the Type C species is rare compared with Types B or A, but can be severe and can cause local epidemics.
Influenza C virus and influenza D virus have seven genome segments that encode nine major proteins. [12] Three segments encode three subunits of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex: PB1, a transcriptase, PB2, which recognizes 5' caps, and PA (P3 for influenza C virus and influenza D virus), an endonuclease. [30]
All influenza A virus pandemics since the 1900s were caused by Avian influenza, through Reassortment with other influenza strains, either those that affect humans (seasonal flu) or those affecting other animals (see 2009 swine flu pandemic). [35] The serotypes that have been confirmed in humans, ordered by the number of confirmed human deaths, are:
Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) refers to any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. [2] As of 2009, identified SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. [3]
Flu season is an annually recurring time period characterized by the prevalence of an outbreak of influenza (flu). The season occurs during the cold half of the year in each hemisphere . It takes approximately two days to show symptoms.
Hong Kong flu: 1968–1970 Worldwide Influenza A virus subtype H3N2: 1–4 million [187] [203] [204] 1971 Staphorst polio epidemic 1971 Staphorst, Netherlands Poliomyelitis: 5 [207] 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak: 1972 Yugoslavia: Smallpox: 35 [208] London flu: 1972–1973 United States Influenza A virus subtype H3N2: 1,027 [209] 1973 Italy ...
Influenza ward at Walter Reed Hospital, in Washington, D.C., during the 1918 flu pandemic. An influenza pandemic is an epidemic of an influenza virus that spreads across a large region (either multiple continents or worldwide) and infects a large proportion of the population.
Influenza vaccines, colloquially known as flu shots [28] or the flu jab, [29] are vaccines that protect against infection by influenza viruses. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] New versions of the vaccines are developed twice a year, as the influenza virus rapidly changes. [ 30 ]