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Oxalate. The buildup of oxalate in the body causes increased renal excretion of oxalate (hyperoxaluria), which in turn results in kidney and bladder stones.Stones cause urinary obstruction (often with severe and acute pain), secondary infection of urine and eventually kidney damage. [2]
A kidney stone (yellow) composed of calcium oxalate, next to a tourmaline gemstone for scale. Calcium is one component of the most common type of human kidney stones, calcium oxalate. Some studies suggest that people who take calcium or vitamin D as a dietary supplement have a higher risk of developing kidney stones.
A favorable outcome is more likely if a kidney transplant is complemented by a liver transplant, given the disease originates in the liver. [citation needed] Secondary hyperoxaluria is much more common than primary hyperoxaluria, and should be treated by limiting dietary oxalate and providing calcium supplementation. [citation needed]
Between 1% and 15% of people globally are affected by kidney stones at some point. [14] [15] In 2015, they caused about 16,000 deaths worldwide. [16] Some of the oxalate in urine is produced by the body. Calcium and oxalate in the diet play a part but are not the only factors that affect the formation of calcium oxalate stones.
In kidney stones, calcium oxalate is the most common mineral type (see nephrolithiasis). Uric acid is the second most common mineral type, but an in vitro study showed uric acid stones and crystals can promote the formation of calcium oxalate stones.
Spinach and kale are popular leafy greens and salad bases. Which one is healthier? Dietitians compare kale vs. spinach nutrition, benefits, and downsides.