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ushr - a 10% tax on the harvests of irrigated land and 10% tax on harvest from rain-watered land and 5% on Land dependent on well water. [2] The term has also been used for a 10% tax on merchandise imported from states that taxed the Muslims on their products. [6] Caliph `Umar ibn Al-Khattāb was the first Muslim ruler to levy ushr. [citation ...
Muhammad Abdel-Haleem states that the term poll tax does not translate the Arabic word jizya, being also inaccurate in light of the exemptions granted to children, women, etc., unlike a poll tax, which by definition is levied on every individual (poll = head) regardless of gender, age, or ability to pay.
The reforms of Umar II were finalized under the Abbasids and would thereafter form the model of tax systems in the Islamic state. [3] From that time on, kharaj was also used as a general term describing all kinds of taxes: for example, the classic treatise on taxation by the 9th century jurist Abu Yusuf was called Kitab al-Kharaj, i.e.
The Zakat and Ushr Ordinance specify which categories of people are eligible for receiving zakat. These include religious students, orphans and the sick. Pakistani ushr law levies 5 percent tax on harvests from artificially irrigated lands and 10 percent tax on lands which are not artificially irrigated. [167]
Others began to evade the tax by transferring their taxable funds shortly before Ramadan to accounts of those who were exempt from the tax (foreigners, non-Sunnis, etc.). [3] In the first days of the tax, Shia Muslims who followed the Ja'fari jurisprudence school of fiqh raised strong opposition, and in April 1981, the government made an ...
Between the 9th and 14th centuries, the Muslim world developed many advanced economic concepts, techniques and usages. These ranged from areas of production, investment, finance, economic development, taxation, property use such as Hawala: an early informal value transfer system, Islamic trusts, known as waqf, systems of contract relied upon by merchants, a widely circulated common currency ...
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Khums is the first Islamic tax, which was imposed in 2 AH/624 CE, [a] after the Battle of Badr. [3] It is separate from other Islamic taxes [ b ] such as zakat and jizya . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] It is treated differently in Sunni and Shia Islam ; key topics of debate include the types of wealth subject to khums, the methods of its collection and ...