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The frequency of a sound is defined as the number of repetitions of its waveform per second, and is measured in hertz; frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength (in a medium of uniform propagation velocity, such as sound in air). The wavelength of a sound is the distance between any two consecutive matching points on the waveform.
To transmit the sensation of sound to the brain, where it can be processed into the perception of hearing, hair cells of the cochlea must convert their mechanical stimulation into the electrical signaling patterns of the nervous system. Hair cells are modified neurons, able to generate action potentials which can be transmitted to other nerve ...
The relation holds for systems with a single optical branch, such as cubic systems with two different atoms per unit cell. For systems with many phonon branches, the relation does not necessarily hold, as the permittivity for any pair of longitudinal and transverse modes will be altered by the other modes in the system.
Heschl found a cortical structure that appeared differently from most of the temporal lobe. The distinct structure occupied Brodmann area 42 and was later named the transverse temporal gyri of Heschl. [4] The discovery provided insight into the anatomical network within the primary cortex. It is the first site to process incoming sound information.
Cross-section through the spiral organ of Corti at greater magnification, showing position of the hair cells on the basement membrane. The organ of Corti is located in the scala media of the cochlea of the inner ear between the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct and is composed of mechanosensory cells, known as hair cells. [2]
The auditory cortex is involved in tasks such as identifying and segregating "auditory objects" and identifying the location of a sound in space. For example, it has been shown that A1 encodes complex and abstract aspects of auditory stimuli without encoding their "raw" aspects like frequency content, presence of a distinct sound or its echoes ...
Through solids, however, it can be transmitted as both longitudinal waves and transverse waves. Longitudinal sound waves are waves of alternating pressure deviations from the equilibrium pressure, causing local regions of compression and rarefaction, while transverse waves (in solids) are waves of alternating shear stress at right angle to the ...
The height of hair bundles increases from base to apex and the number of stereocilia decreases (i.e. hair cells located at the base of the cochlea contain more stereo cilia than those located at the apex). [14] Furthermore, in the tip-link complex of cochlear hair cells, tonotopy is associated with gradients of intrinsic mechanical properties. [15]