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Critics have called the use of the devices by government agencies warrantless cell phone tracking, as they have frequently been used without informing the court system or obtaining a warrant. [2] The Electronic Frontier Foundation has called the devices "an unconstitutional, all-you-can-eat data buffet". [70]
Cellphone surveillance (also known as cellphone spying) may involve tracking, bugging, monitoring, eavesdropping, and recording conversations and text messages on mobile phones. [1] It also encompasses the monitoring of people's movements, which can be tracked using mobile phone signals when phones are turned on.
Neither the user nor the cell phone provider need to know about Triggerfish for it to be used successfully. [2] A court order is required, but the device circumvents provisions of CALEA barring use of pen register or trap-and-trace devices. [3] The device is similar to but distinct from an IMSI catcher. [4]
The Baltimore Police Department began using the devices in 2007. [2] The New York City Police Department has used the devices since 2008. [3] Initially, the use of stingray phone trackers was a secret, due to a number of non-disclosure agreements between individual police departments and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. [4]
The vast majority of computer surveillance involves the monitoring of data and traffic on the Internet. [9] In the United States for example, under the Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act, all phone calls and broadband Internet traffic (emails, web traffic, instant messaging, etc.) are required to be available for unimpeded real-time monitoring by federal law enforcement agencies.
A virtual base transceiver station (VBTS) [5] is a device for identifying the temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI), international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) of a nearby GSM mobile phone and intercepting its calls, some are even advanced enough to detect the international mobile equipment identity (IMEI).
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