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Low frequency sonars are loosely defined as 1–5 kHz, albeit some navies regard 5–7 kHz also as low frequency. Medium frequency is defined as 5–15 kHz. Another style of division considers low frequency to be under 1 kHz, and medium frequency at between 1–10 kHz. [85]
American low frequency sonar was originally introduced to the general public in a June 1961 Time magazine article, New A.S.W. [Note 1] Project Artemis, the low-frequency sonar used at the time, could fill a whole ocean with searching sound and spot anything sizable that was moving in the water.
The S2087 is a Low Frequency Active Sonar (LFAS) and consists of both active and passive sonar arrays. Thales describes the system as "a towed-array that enables Type 23 frigates to hunt the latest submarines at considerable distances and locate them beyond the range at which they [submarines] can launch an attack". [3]
The CAPTAS-4 system comprises a UMS-4249 ultra-low-frequency active sonar with four ceramic rings, integrated into a towed variable-immersion body. [2] [3] Capable of diving up to 300 meters (980 ft), it covers a very large volume of water over an extremely long range. In addition to the UMS-4249 variable depth sonar, a towed multi-functional ...
Initially the SURTASS system were passive, receiving only sonar systems. The array was towed miles behind the ships and were designed for long range detection of submarines. As the passive systems were being deployed, an active adjunct known as the SURTASS Low Frequency Active (LFA) systems was designed for long range detection.
A few nations have built transmitters which use extremely low frequency (ELF) radio waves, which can penetrate seawater to reach submarines at operating depths, but these require huge antennas. Other techniques that have been used include sonar and blue lasers. [1]