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HPP + is structurally related to the selective dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP (and its active metabolite MPP +), which induces Parkinson's disease-like symptoms in humans. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] HPP + is a neurotoxin specifically affecting serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons , and its neurotoxicity resembles that of MPTP.
Haloperidol, sold under the brand name Haldol among others, is a typical antipsychotic medication. [9] Haloperidol is used in the treatment of schizophrenia , tics in Tourette syndrome , mania in bipolar disorder , delirium , agitation, acute psychosis , and hallucinations from alcohol withdrawal .
In the management of Parkinson's disease, due to the chronic nature of Parkinson's disease (PD), a broad-based program is needed that includes patient and family education, support-group services, general wellness maintenance, exercise, and nutrition. At present, no cure for the disease is known, but medications or surgery can provide relief ...
Haloperidol decanoate is provided in the form of 50 or 100 mg/mL oil solution of sesame oil and benzyl alcohol in ampoules or pre-filled syringes. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 9 ] Its elimination half-life after multiple doses is 21 days.
The risk of developing tardive dyskinesia after chronic typical antipsychotic usage varies on several factors, such as age and gender, as well as the specific antipsychotic used. The commonly reported incidence of TD among younger patients is about 5% per year. Among older patients incidence rates as high as 20% per year have been reported.
Dopamine receptor flow chart. Dopamine receptors are all G protein–coupled receptors, and are divided into two classes based on which G-protein they are coupled to. [1] The D 1-like class of dopamine receptors is coupled to Gα s/olf and stimulates adenylate cyclase production, whereas the D 2-like class is coupled to Gα i/o and thus inhibits adenylate cyclase production.