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The macrostructures considered here may be composed of "structural elements" which material presents a "microstructure". Whether searching to limit the stress or the deformation, macrostructure, structural element and microstructure have each, a weight Vρ, when ρ is the volumic weight of materials, in N/m 3, function of the solicitations {F 0} (for "force" in général) applied to them, of ...
This glossary of geography terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in geography and related fields, including Earth science, oceanography, cartography, and human geography, as well as those describing spatial dimension, topographical features, natural resources, and the collection, analysis, and visualization of geographic ...
The term "International Style" was first used in 1932 by the historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock and architect Philip Johnson to describe a movement among European architects in the 1920s that was distinguished by three key design principles: (1) "Architecture as volume – thin planes or surfaces create the building’s form, as opposed to a solid mass"; (2) "Regularity in the facade, as ...
Some SI units of volume to scale and approximate corresponding mass of water. To ease calculations, a unit of volume is equal to the volume occupied by a unit cube (with a side length of one). Because the volume occupies three dimensions, if the metre (m) is chosen as a unit of length, the corresponding unit of volume is the cubic metre (m 3).
Space and mass in architecture are not entirely separable: as was noted by George Berkeley in 1709, two-dimensional human vision cannot fully comprehend three-dimensional forms, so the perception of the space is a result of immediate visual sensation and the knowledge of textures pre-acquired through touching (this idea evolved in the 19th ...
The structure that tops a pyramid in monumental Mesoamerican architecture (also common as a decorative embellishment on the ridge of metal roofs of some domestic Gothic-style architecture in America in the 19th century). Rotunda A large and high circular hall or room in a building, usually but not always, surmounted by a dome.
1838 map of pre-railroad cargo traffic in Ireland, one of the first thematic maps to use proportional symbols. The earliest known map to visually represent the volume of flow were two maps by engineer Henry Drury Harness, published in 1838 as part of a report on the potential for railroad construction in Ireland, showing the quantity of cargo traffic by road and canal.
The surface-area-to-volume ratio has physical dimension inverse length (L −1) and is therefore expressed in units of inverse metre (m-1) or its prefixed unit multiples and submultiples. As an example, a cube with sides of length 1 cm will have a surface area of 6 cm 2 and a volume of 1 cm 3. The surface to volume ratio for this cube is thus