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  2. Floating-point arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic

    The project double_fpu contains verilog source code of a double-precision floating-point unit. The project fpuvhdl contains vhdl source code of a single-precision floating-point unit.) Fleegal, Eric (2004). "Microsoft Visual C++ Floating-Point Optimization". Microsoft Developer Network. Archived from the original on 2017-07-06.

  3. C mathematical functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_mathematical_functions

    Any floating-point type can be modified with complex, and is then defined as a pair of floating-point numbers. Note that C99 and C++ do not implement complex numbers in a code-compatible way – the latter instead provides the class std:: complex. All operations on complex numbers are defined in the <complex.h> header.

  4. Loop nest optimization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_nest_optimization

    As a result, the code above will run slower on the 2.8 GHz Pentium 4 than on the 166 MHz Y-MP! A machine with a longer floating-point add latency or with multiple adders would require more accumulators to run in parallel. It is easy to change the loop above to compute a 3x3 block instead of a 2x2 block, but the resulting code is not always faster.

  5. Minifloat - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minifloat

    Full Precision" in Direct3D 9.0 is a proprietary 24-bit floating-point format. Microsoft's D3D9 (Shader Model 2.0) graphics API initially supported both FP24 (as in ATI's R300 chip) and FP32 (as in Nvidia's NV30 chip) as "Full Precision", as well as FP16 as "Partial Precision" for vertex and pixel shader calculations performed by the graphics ...

  6. Fast inverse square root - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_inverse_square_root

    Lighting and reflection calculations, as in the video game OpenArena, use the fast inverse square root code to compute angles of incidence and reflection.. Fast inverse square root, sometimes referred to as Fast InvSqrt() or by the hexadecimal constant 0x5F3759DF, is an algorithm that estimates , the reciprocal (or multiplicative inverse) of the square root of a 32-bit floating-point number in ...

  7. IEEE 754 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754

    The IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic (IEEE 754) is a technical standard for floating-point arithmetic originally established in 1985 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The standard addressed many problems found in the diverse floating-point implementations that made them difficult to use reliably and ...

  8. Single-precision floating-point format - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision_floating...

    A floating-point variable can represent a wider range of numbers than a fixed-point variable of the same bit width at the cost of precision. A signed 32-bit integer variable has a maximum value of 2 31 − 1 = 2,147,483,647, whereas an IEEE 754 32-bit base-2 floating-point variable has a maximum value of (2 − 2 −23 ) × 2 127 ≈ 3.4028235 ...

  9. Kahan summation algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahan_summation_algorithm

    Trailing zeros shown where they are significant for the six-digit floating-point number. y = 3.14159 - 0.00000 y = input[i] - c t = 10000.0 + 3.14159 t = sum + y = 10003.14159 Normalization done, next round off to six digits. = 10003.1 Few digits from input[i] met those of sum. Many digits have been lost!