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The "rate" of economic growth refers to the geometric annual rate of growth in GDP or GDP per capita between the first and the last year over a period of time. This growth rate represents the trend in the average level of GDP over the period, and ignores any fluctuations in the GDP around this trend.
According to Kaldor, “The purpose of a theory of economic growth is to show the nature of non-economic variables which ultimately determine the rate at which the general level of production of the economy is growing, and thereby contribute to an understanding of the question of why some societies grow so much faster than others.” [2] [1]
This explains why investment spending is more volatile than consumption. The life-cycle hypothesis argues that households base their consumption decisions on expected lifetime income, so they prefer "smooth" consumption over time. They will thus save (and invest) in periods of high income and defer consumption of this to periods of low income.
Long-term unemployment rose to a record high [12] while labor force participation fell off sharply as many of the unemployed gave up looking for work. [13] In an effort to spur economic growth, the Federal Reserve engaged in three rounds of quantitative easing, while the federal funds rate was kept near zero for an unprecedented seven years. [14]
The Dual Sector model, or the Lewis model, is a model in developmental economics that explains the growth of a developing economy in terms of a labour transition between two sectors, the subsistence or traditional agricultural sector and the capitalist or modern industrial sector.
The rate of growth of output per worker is roughly constant over long periods of time; The capital/output ratio is roughly constant over long periods of time; The rate of return on investment is roughly constant over long periods of time; There are appreciable variations (2 to 5 percent) in the rate of growth of labor productivity and of total ...
The growth accounting procedure proceeds as follows. First is calculated the growth rates for the output and the inputs by dividing the Period 2 numbers with the Period 1 numbers. Then the weights of inputs are computed as input shares of the total input (Period 1). Weighted growth rates (WG) are obtained by weighting growth rates with the weights.
The first challenged the assumption of previous models that the economic benefits of capital would decrease over time. These early new growth models incorporated positive externalities to capital accumulation where one firm's investment in technology generates spillover benefits to other firms because knowledge spreads. [177]