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Heil og sæl in Icelandic and Norwegian (Old Norse: heill ok sæll, Old Swedish: hæl oc sæl, Early Modern Swedish: hell och säll), roughly meaning "healthy and happy", is an old Nordic greeting phrase which is still common on Iceland.
The /w/-phoneme did also occur after consonants (kw-, tw-, sw- etc.) in Old East Norse and did so into modern times in said Swedish dialects and in a number of others. Generally, the initial w-sound developed into [v] in dialects earlier than after consonants where it survived much longer.
River kings : a new history of Vikings from Scandinavia to the Silk Roads. London: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-0008353117. Kovárová, Lenka (2011). "The Swine in Old Nordic Religion and Worldview". Háskóla Íslands. Lindow, John (2002). Norse mythology : a guide to the Gods, heroes, rituals, and beliefs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language, primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and northern England between the mid 9th to the 11th centuries (see also Danelaw).
A 2022 study indicates that gravitational effects from a readvance of the Southern Greenland Ice Sheet caused a relative sea level rise of "up to ~3.3 m outside the glaciation zone during Viking settlement, producing shoreline retreat of hundreds of meters. Sea-level rise was progressive and encompassed the entire Eastern Settlement.
Viking expansion was the historical movement which led Norse explorers, traders and warriors, the latter known in modern scholarship as Vikings, to sail most of the North Atlantic, reaching south as far as North Africa and east as far as Russia, and through the Mediterranean as far as Constantinople and the Middle East, acting as looters, traders, colonists and mercenaries.
P.J Féret, who conducted a dig at France's Cité de Limes site in January 1825, wrote the message, archaeologists say.
The Viking Age image stone Sövestad 1 from Skåne depicts a man carrying a cross. The Norwegian king Hákon the Good had converted to Christianity while in England. On returning to Norway, he kept his faith largely private but encouraged Christian priests to preach among the population; some pagans were angered and—according to Heimskringla ...