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The label of second-generation programming language (2GL) is a generational way to categorize assembly languages. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They belong to the low-level programming languages . The term was coined to provide a distinction from higher level machine independent third-generation programming languages (3GLs) (such as COBOL , C , or ...
This is an index to notable programming languages, in current or historical use. Dialects of BASIC, esoteric programming languages, and markup languages are not included. A programming language does not need to be imperative or Turing-complete, but must be executable and so does not include markup languages such as HTML or XML, but does include domain-specific languages such as SQL and its ...
A third-generation language improves over a second-generation language by having the computer take care of non-essential details. 3GLs are more abstract than previous generations of languages, and thus can be considered higher-level languages than their first- and second-generation counterparts.
none (unique language) 1951 Intermediate Programming Language Arthur Burks: Short Code 1951 Boehm unnamed coding system Corrado Böhm: CPC Coding scheme 1951 Klammerausdrücke Konrad Zuse: Plankalkül 1951 Stanislaus (Notation) Fritz Bauer: none (unique language) 1951 Sort Merge Generator: Betty Holberton: none (unique language) 1952
Another milestone in the late 1950s was the publication, by a committee of American and European computer scientists, of "a new language for algorithms"; the ALGOL 60 Report (the "ALGOrithmic Language"). This report consolidated many ideas circulating at the time and featured three key language innovations:
Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed in alphabetic order. Any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.
COBOL (/ ˈ k oʊ b ɒ l,-b ɔː l /; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural, and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and ...
Programming language BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) developed at Dartmouth College, US, by Thomas E. Kurtz and John George Kemeny. BASIC was not implemented on microcomputers until 1975. This was the first language designed to be used in a time-sharing environment, such as DTSS (Dartmouth Time-Sharing System), or GCOS ...